Midterm+Review!

Difference between gramophone and phonograph: gramophone played discs, phonograph played wax or tin cylinders. wax was reusable. needle = stylus. gramophone allows you to record AND play back - "direct to disc". Phonograph - Edison. Gramophone - Berliner. Binary Code - 1s and 0s code. Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Air molecules pushed together - compression (+). Pulled apart - rarefaction (-). Waveform with no harmonics - sine wave. Waveform with all harmonics - sawtooth. Height of a wave on a graph - amplitude or loudness. measured in dB. Cycles per second determines frequency of a pitch. measured in Hz. Timbre or tone quality is determined by the amplitude of the harmonics. Doppler effect - car - wave forms closer together when closer to you, further when farther away. 20 Hz to 20 kHz is the range of hearing. Lambda - wavelength. The lower the frequency, the longer the period. True! What polar pattern captures sound from in front but not behind the back? Cardioid. What polar pattern captures sound from in front and a little behind the mic? Hypercardioid What polar pattern captures sound from all the way around? Omnidirectional What polar pattern captures sound from front and back but very little from sides? Figure 8 Shotgun mic - JUST right in front Mic close to speaker - feedback loop. Single frequency goes through mic to speaker to mic to speaker forever. Condenser mics powered by phantom power. Studio singer. Dynamic mic uses magnet with a coil wrapped around it. Singer on a stage. XLR. X - ground. L - line. R - return. Guitar cable - one ring, unbalanced. Pop filter - mic shield. protects from "P" Phantom power switch - gives power. Pink noise - contains all frequencies, but tapers off higher frequencies (human ear perceives higher frequencies as louder, so they taper so it's more equal) Speed of sound - 1130 ft/sec EQ (equalizer) - "Q" setting - high Q and low Q. High Q only boosts or cuts a small amount of frequencies (two fingers picking up pasta). Low Q will suck up or boost a lot of frequencies (two hands picking up pasta). very important! If you want to eliminate frequencies below a certain point, you could use a low pass or high pass filter. High pass allows highs to go through, not lows. Pass vs. cut - "pass" lets through, "cut" gets rid of them. Proximity effect - the further away you are from a mic, you lose more low frequencies. closer, the deeper the sound. Phase cancellation - when a wave bounces back so the peak and null cancel each other out or boost by 6 dB Normalization - after recording, the first thing you want to do. gets it up to 0 dB. Diffusion vs. Absorption. Absorption in the corners (bass traps) and up front by speakers - we don't want comb filtering. Diffuse at the back of the room. How to calculate dead spots in a room. Find dimensions of room. Find wavelengths (1/2 speed of sound over distance). All whole number multiples to get all harmonics. Graph each dimension. Look for ones that are really close/really far from each other (peaks/nulls). Flanger created by boosting certain frequencies at certain points. Oscillating Q point. Tool in logic that can fade in/out - Automation tool. Describe appropriate way to set up reverb in logic. Create Aux 1 (a BUS or SEND - don't forget to turn it up) and add reverb in effects on that. Do not put reverb on track itself.
 * Converts sound into electrical energy (and vice versa) - TRANSDUCER**
 * FORMULAS!**

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